Stainless steels

Stainless steels are those alloys of iron and chromium, with or without other elements, containing at least 11% chromium. This is the minimum amount of chromium necessary to  form a stable, passive chromium oxide film. It is this film that is the basis for the corrosion resistance of all stainless, and most nickel-base, corrosion-resistant alloys.

There are six basic classifications of stainless steels: ferritic, martensitic, martensitic age hardening, duplex austenitic–ferritic, and austenitic. The most commonly produced of these are the ferritics 409 for automotive applications and 430 for corrosion-resistant /decorative uses, the martensitic grade 410, and the age-hardening martensitic 17-4PH . Of the austenitic–ferritic duplex grades, alloy 2205 is the most broadly available. The two most used austenitic stainless grades are 304L and 316L. A number of ‘‘superaustenitics’’ use nitrogen to maintain an austenitic structure with relatively high molybdenum, some 6%, and moderate nickel, 18–25%. Of the higher nickel grades alloys 825 and 20 are used for sulfuric acid and general chemical processing. The most commonly used of the very high nickel alloys is C-276. The austenitic stainless steels form a continuum with the nickel-base heatand corrosion-resistant alloys. They are distinguished on the basis of nickel content by arbitrary or commercial definitions. There is no recognized metallurgical definition of where stainless ends and nickel base begins.

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James Kelly

Rochester, Michigan

Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition.

Edited by Myer Kutz

Copyright  2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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